What has been scientifically proved and on which inumerable studies have been done both in India and abroad, the conclusion has always been consistent and uninamous, namely, Pranayama is undoubtedly beneficial. Sri Ravi Shankar is popu;arising this as sudarsanakriya and lakhs of people have followed this and got relief from diseases.
Sunday, March 07, 2004
In the famous Time magazine the importance meditation and yoga, an ancient Indian system, is high-lighted that the ancient mind- and spirit-enhancing art is becoming increasingly popular and gaining medical legitimacy.
By simple definition, meditation is engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature. To elaborate further, meditation is an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms, thoughts, and ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as a stimulus to gain access to knowledge of 'object of meditation'. The aspirant makes an attempt to minimize perceptions through senses - inputs through special senses like touch, sight, hearing, etc. - by detaching mind from sense organs in the brain. This helps in controlling restlessness of mind, in favour of inner contemplation. The mind, as if, is made still. Meditation may be, therefore, taken as a 'passive' activity! But is it really so?
By practising transcendental meditation, or TM, many people have got relief from back pain, neck pain, depression. The mind calms and quiets, . What thoughts you have during meditation become clearer, more focused. Anger, anxiety and worries give way to a peace that -- as the name implies -- transcends thought.
"It simplifies things. There's less anger. Better relationships,Because meditation centers helps to focus more intensely and intently on the moment rather than outside distractions, "it has made me very, very driven in the areas that I want to be driven in.By most accounts, meditation is booming in America, with about 15 million die-hard practitioners, double the number from a decade ago.
Medical studies continue to show regular meditation working magic in reducing blood pressure and stress-related illnesses, including heart disease. Brain images show that regular meditation helps calm the most active sensory-assaulted parts of the brain.
Some studies show it may even help students achieve better grades.
Because of such benefits, meditation is being used more regularly in schools, in offices, hospitals, even prisons. At least one study has shown that prisoners who meditate, once released, return to prison less frequently.
.
Tremendous changes observed in the human brain and nervous system during mediation run contrary to this belief of 'passivity' attached to meditation. Unprecedented progress and research in neurobiology, investigative neurology, and study of neurotransmitters in the last two decades has given a great fillip to the study of neuro-physiology of Meditation and Yoga. Altered State of Consciousness can be brought about by hypnosis, drugs (e. g. LSD), sleep, etc., but here we are trying to study a state specific science of altered consciousness brought about by meditation alone.
We shall attempt to review the progress in neurobiology in the recent years. An attempt is made to throw light on this new and fascinating subject. The terms used are technical, but, as far as possible, an attempt is made to simplify the description.
This attempt to explain the neurophysiology of meditation is purely hypothetical.
Meditation and Changes in Neurophysiology:
One of the ways to control physiological reactions to psychological stimuli is meditation, Yoga, Zen Buddhism etc. The scientists take Transcendental Meditation (TM) as the uniform technique, and base their observations on the study of the subjects engaged in this form of meditation. In summing up the results the scientists have come to conclusion that the effect of meditation is a "wakeful, hypo-metabolic state".
They have found that:
1) Yogis could slow both heart rate and rate of respiration,
2) Yogis could slow the rate of metabolism as confirmed by decreased oxygen consumption and carbon-di-oxide output.
3) Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG - recording of brain activity) in Yogis showed changes of calmness in the form of "alpha rhythm" during both eyes closed and eyes open recordings.
4) Their skin resistance to electric stimulation was increased (indicating increased tolerance to external stimuli).
Our usual 'defence-alarm' reaction to emotional and physical stress is in the form of "fright, flight, and fight" mediated through over-secretion of certain neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators, namely adrenaline and dopamine by way of stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Under the influence of these chemicals and hormones, we reflexively become panicky or aggressive, our blood pressure rises. Thus stress and anxiety is the end result if we allow our natural age-old sympathetic reactions to act and to come to surface. We try to run away, become fearful, or fight the situation. But today these 'defence-alarm' reactions have no place in our lives. Rather, they should be replaced by more calm and serene reactions of equanimity and fearlessness. The need is to just 'face the brute, and it will go away'. Such desirable reactions of non-aggression and peaceful attitude are generated by Yoga and meditation.
EEG Studies on Yogis and The Zen Meditations:
Yogis practising Raja-Yoga claim that during the state of samadhi they are oblivious to the internal and external stimuli, and they enjoy a calm ecstasy during that state. A study was undertaken to record the electrical activity of their brain during this state by means of a regular and useful test known as electroencephalography EEG. Physiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the basis of conscious state of brain, among other things, is due to activation of "reticular system" in the brain-stem in response to internal and external stimuli. These stimuli bring about various changes during sleeping and wakeful states of the organism and these can be studied by EEG.
The study was carried out on four subjects during the state of concentration and meditation. Effects of external stimuli, like a loud gong, strong light, thermal simulation, and vibrations were studied. The results were compiled and analyzed. It was observed that two Yogis could keep their hands immersed in extremely cold water for about 50 minutes (raised pain threshold). During state of meditation, all of them showed persistent "alpha activity" in their EEG with increased amplitude wave pattern, both during 'eyes closed' and 'eyes open' recording. It was observed that these alpha activities could not be blocked by various sensory stimuli during meditation. It was also observed that those, who had well-marked "alpha activity" in their resting EEG showed greater aptitude and zeal for maintaining the practice of Yoga. Similar observations and results were obtained when EEGs were recorded in persons adept in Zen Meditative technique. Can we say that only those persons who exhibit such recording of "alpha wave rhythm" in their EEG are fit for Yoga? and be designated as right candidates for meditation and Yoga practices? (Such experiments are indeed very few and the number of yogis examined is also very small. Therefore, scientifically and statistically these observations have only a tentative importance. Further research is definitely called for, albeit it will have its own limitations.)
Discussion and Conclusion
Neurotransmitters and Neuro-modulators: These are chemical substances released at the Neuronal Synapses (nerve junctions). They act by altering electrical membrane potential by opening up channels that permit diffusion of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium ions in and out of the nerve cell. They not only transmit the message from one cell to another, but also selectively facilitate some information while inhibiting the other. Moreover, the action of Calcium ions permits transfer of electrical events into molecular changes that can alter functions of the nerve cells permanently, i.e. change cellular function to subserve a memory or learning response.
Neuro-modulators affect the neuro-transmitters by influencing neuronal plasticity, growth, or differentiation. Different types of receptors, as present in different regions of brain, can account for the complex and multiple effects of medication, meditation, concentration, and contemplation. This may be effected through actions of specific type of neuro-transmitter and neuro-receptor.
For example, a sub-type of glutamate receptor appears to mediate the function of brain plasticity, a process considered important in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine helps in memory, motivation, perception and cognition. It is also involved in attention and arousal functions of ascending reticular system. Decrease in the levels of this neuro-modulator leads to loss of memory, senile dementia - Alzheimer's disease.
Excess of serotonin, another important neuro-modulator, leads to hallucinations, as seen in LSD consumption, which causes increase in serotonin level. This discovery called attention to the correlation between behavior and variation in brain serotonin content. Selective depletion of serotonin, in animals, causes prolonged wakefulness. It also plays important role in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle.
Other neurotransmitters and modulators like nor-epinephrine cause changes in mood - excess leading to elation, and deficiency causing nervous depression. It also controls food intake, regulates temperature, and hormonal secretions.
Excess of dopamine level is responsible for schizophrenia and psychosis.
Nerve growth factor is a hormone like peptide that is responsible for the growth and maintenance of various brain structures.
The plausible hypothesis to explain the altered state of consciousness brought about by intense and prolonged mediation may be constructed as follows:
The evolutionary process adds higher centres to the primitive nervous system. These higher centres have inhibitory influence, in other words they suppress the functions of lower centres. Thus, the brain stem is controlled by the higher limbic system, and the limbic system in turn is controlled by still higher neo-cortex. The neuro-modulators with their influence on various neuro-transmitters effectively bring about this inhibitory modifications and inter-relations among various brain centres (hierarchy).
For instance, involuntary movements like tremors and chorea are suppressed by basal ganglia through the action of dopamine and acetylcholine synergy. Any imbalance in these neuro-modulators causes involuntary movements like chorea, tremors (Parkinson's Disease etc.). Similarly, loss of cortical control over the motor neurons of spinal cord leads to exaggerated muscle and tendon jerks due loss of inhibitory control of the higher motor cortex.
Neo-cortex keeps all the involuntary movements, hyper-reflexivity, rage, aggression, and similar animal tendencies under check so that it can effectively pursue its own highly developed activities of logic, memory, reason, language, calculations, judgement, and concepts, etc. Conscious, willful, imaginative functions are therefore, normal state of awareness of the human beings.
When meditation acts as a constant repetitive stimulus, certain qualitative and quantitative permanent changes develop in the nervous system. The neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators may stimulate growth of dormant or latent neurons to develop a centre (or centres) which on the evolutionary ladder is/are still higher than the present day cerebral cortex. The brain may develop new connections and plasticity resulting in the capacity to think, to rationalize, and react in a different way to the sensory input than what is expected by present day physiologists. For want of name, we may label such higher center as 'God Module'. This higher centre will exert inhibitory control over the present day neo-cortex, and thereby, over the mind as a whole (consciousness, reasoning, conceptual thinking, willing, feeling, and doing, etc.)! The consciousness and all mental activities will hence be suppressed. The person will reach a state beyond mind itself - transcendental awareness!
"The spiritual ascent is from the least evolved state of consciousness to near perfect state, after which the mind itself will cease to be, and there will remain only non-dual experience."
Meditating together, just as praying in a group of hundreds seems more powerful, so does meditating together.
"It's the power of silence, like in worshipful places.
Meditation can cure terrible ulcerative colitis, depression and anxiety. "It is much more than just sitting,. "Thoughts may come up, but you're not focusing or concentrating. but goal really would be not to think rather than to think.
The ancient Hindu sage Patanjali who had mastered the secrets of the human mind has written a book "Yogasutra".In this book we can see how super powers can be achieved by meditation. It has both cosmic relevance and cosmic resonance. In spite of its universal appeal, for most people total control of mind remains an elusive goal and daunting task. From time immemorial, there have been many attempts throughout the world to unlock the mysteries of the mind and to achieve total control over it through a variety of techniques. One of the most powerful of these techniques is meditation. Many spiritual leaders, sages, saints, and holy people such asSri. Buddha, Sri Ramakrishna, Madam Sarada Devi, and Swami Vivekananda have practised this.
It is said that in the unknown period of Jesus Christ , He was under meditation.
By simple definition, meditation is engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature. To elaborate further, meditation is an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms, thoughts, and ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as a stimulus to gain access to knowledge of 'object of meditation'. The aspirant makes an attempt to minimize perceptions through senses - inputs through special senses like touch, sight, hearing, etc. - by detaching mind from sense organs in the brain. This helps in controlling restlessness of mind, in favour of inner contemplation. The mind, as if, is made still. Meditation may be, therefore, taken as a 'passive' activity! But is it really so?
By practising transcendental meditation, or TM, many people have got relief from back pain, neck pain, depression. The mind calms and quiets, . What thoughts you have during meditation become clearer, more focused. Anger, anxiety and worries give way to a peace that -- as the name implies -- transcends thought.
"It simplifies things. There's less anger. Better relationships,Because meditation centers helps to focus more intensely and intently on the moment rather than outside distractions, "it has made me very, very driven in the areas that I want to be driven in.By most accounts, meditation is booming in America, with about 15 million die-hard practitioners, double the number from a decade ago.
Medical studies continue to show regular meditation working magic in reducing blood pressure and stress-related illnesses, including heart disease. Brain images show that regular meditation helps calm the most active sensory-assaulted parts of the brain.
Some studies show it may even help students achieve better grades.
Because of such benefits, meditation is being used more regularly in schools, in offices, hospitals, even prisons. At least one study has shown that prisoners who meditate, once released, return to prison less frequently.
.
Tremendous changes observed in the human brain and nervous system during mediation run contrary to this belief of 'passivity' attached to meditation. Unprecedented progress and research in neurobiology, investigative neurology, and study of neurotransmitters in the last two decades has given a great fillip to the study of neuro-physiology of Meditation and Yoga. Altered State of Consciousness can be brought about by hypnosis, drugs (e. g. LSD), sleep, etc., but here we are trying to study a state specific science of altered consciousness brought about by meditation alone.
We shall attempt to review the progress in neurobiology in the recent years. An attempt is made to throw light on this new and fascinating subject. The terms used are technical, but, as far as possible, an attempt is made to simplify the description.
This attempt to explain the neurophysiology of meditation is purely hypothetical.
Meditation and Changes in Neurophysiology:
One of the ways to control physiological reactions to psychological stimuli is meditation, Yoga, Zen Buddhism etc. The scientists take Transcendental Meditation (TM) as the uniform technique, and base their observations on the study of the subjects engaged in this form of meditation. In summing up the results the scientists have come to conclusion that the effect of meditation is a "wakeful, hypo-metabolic state".
They have found that:
1) Yogis could slow both heart rate and rate of respiration,
2) Yogis could slow the rate of metabolism as confirmed by decreased oxygen consumption and carbon-di-oxide output.
3) Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG - recording of brain activity) in Yogis showed changes of calmness in the form of "alpha rhythm" during both eyes closed and eyes open recordings.
4) Their skin resistance to electric stimulation was increased (indicating increased tolerance to external stimuli).
Our usual 'defence-alarm' reaction to emotional and physical stress is in the form of "fright, flight, and fight" mediated through over-secretion of certain neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators, namely adrenaline and dopamine by way of stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Under the influence of these chemicals and hormones, we reflexively become panicky or aggressive, our blood pressure rises. Thus stress and anxiety is the end result if we allow our natural age-old sympathetic reactions to act and to come to surface. We try to run away, become fearful, or fight the situation. But today these 'defence-alarm' reactions have no place in our lives. Rather, they should be replaced by more calm and serene reactions of equanimity and fearlessness. The need is to just 'face the brute, and it will go away'. Such desirable reactions of non-aggression and peaceful attitude are generated by Yoga and meditation.
EEG Studies on Yogis and The Zen Meditations:
Yogis practising Raja-Yoga claim that during the state of samadhi they are oblivious to the internal and external stimuli, and they enjoy a calm ecstasy during that state. A study was undertaken to record the electrical activity of their brain during this state by means of a regular and useful test known as electroencephalography EEG. Physiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the basis of conscious state of brain, among other things, is due to activation of "reticular system" in the brain-stem in response to internal and external stimuli. These stimuli bring about various changes during sleeping and wakeful states of the organism and these can be studied by EEG.
The study was carried out on four subjects during the state of concentration and meditation. Effects of external stimuli, like a loud gong, strong light, thermal simulation, and vibrations were studied. The results were compiled and analyzed. It was observed that two Yogis could keep their hands immersed in extremely cold water for about 50 minutes (raised pain threshold). During state of meditation, all of them showed persistent "alpha activity" in their EEG with increased amplitude wave pattern, both during 'eyes closed' and 'eyes open' recording. It was observed that these alpha activities could not be blocked by various sensory stimuli during meditation. It was also observed that those, who had well-marked "alpha activity" in their resting EEG showed greater aptitude and zeal for maintaining the practice of Yoga. Similar observations and results were obtained when EEGs were recorded in persons adept in Zen Meditative technique. Can we say that only those persons who exhibit such recording of "alpha wave rhythm" in their EEG are fit for Yoga? and be designated as right candidates for meditation and Yoga practices? (Such experiments are indeed very few and the number of yogis examined is also very small. Therefore, scientifically and statistically these observations have only a tentative importance. Further research is definitely called for, albeit it will have its own limitations.)
Discussion and Conclusion
Neurotransmitters and Neuro-modulators: These are chemical substances released at the Neuronal Synapses (nerve junctions). They act by altering electrical membrane potential by opening up channels that permit diffusion of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium ions in and out of the nerve cell. They not only transmit the message from one cell to another, but also selectively facilitate some information while inhibiting the other. Moreover, the action of Calcium ions permits transfer of electrical events into molecular changes that can alter functions of the nerve cells permanently, i.e. change cellular function to subserve a memory or learning response.
Neuro-modulators affect the neuro-transmitters by influencing neuronal plasticity, growth, or differentiation. Different types of receptors, as present in different regions of brain, can account for the complex and multiple effects of medication, meditation, concentration, and contemplation. This may be effected through actions of specific type of neuro-transmitter and neuro-receptor.
For example, a sub-type of glutamate receptor appears to mediate the function of brain plasticity, a process considered important in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine helps in memory, motivation, perception and cognition. It is also involved in attention and arousal functions of ascending reticular system. Decrease in the levels of this neuro-modulator leads to loss of memory, senile dementia - Alzheimer's disease.
Excess of serotonin, another important neuro-modulator, leads to hallucinations, as seen in LSD consumption, which causes increase in serotonin level. This discovery called attention to the correlation between behavior and variation in brain serotonin content. Selective depletion of serotonin, in animals, causes prolonged wakefulness. It also plays important role in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle.
Other neurotransmitters and modulators like nor-epinephrine cause changes in mood - excess leading to elation, and deficiency causing nervous depression. It also controls food intake, regulates temperature, and hormonal secretions.
Excess of dopamine level is responsible for schizophrenia and psychosis.
Nerve growth factor is a hormone like peptide that is responsible for the growth and maintenance of various brain structures.
The plausible hypothesis to explain the altered state of consciousness brought about by intense and prolonged mediation may be constructed as follows:
The evolutionary process adds higher centres to the primitive nervous system. These higher centres have inhibitory influence, in other words they suppress the functions of lower centres. Thus, the brain stem is controlled by the higher limbic system, and the limbic system in turn is controlled by still higher neo-cortex. The neuro-modulators with their influence on various neuro-transmitters effectively bring about this inhibitory modifications and inter-relations among various brain centres (hierarchy).
For instance, involuntary movements like tremors and chorea are suppressed by basal ganglia through the action of dopamine and acetylcholine synergy. Any imbalance in these neuro-modulators causes involuntary movements like chorea, tremors (Parkinson's Disease etc.). Similarly, loss of cortical control over the motor neurons of spinal cord leads to exaggerated muscle and tendon jerks due loss of inhibitory control of the higher motor cortex.
Neo-cortex keeps all the involuntary movements, hyper-reflexivity, rage, aggression, and similar animal tendencies under check so that it can effectively pursue its own highly developed activities of logic, memory, reason, language, calculations, judgement, and concepts, etc. Conscious, willful, imaginative functions are therefore, normal state of awareness of the human beings.
When meditation acts as a constant repetitive stimulus, certain qualitative and quantitative permanent changes develop in the nervous system. The neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators may stimulate growth of dormant or latent neurons to develop a centre (or centres) which on the evolutionary ladder is/are still higher than the present day cerebral cortex. The brain may develop new connections and plasticity resulting in the capacity to think, to rationalize, and react in a different way to the sensory input than what is expected by present day physiologists. For want of name, we may label such higher center as 'God Module'. This higher centre will exert inhibitory control over the present day neo-cortex, and thereby, over the mind as a whole (consciousness, reasoning, conceptual thinking, willing, feeling, and doing, etc.)! The consciousness and all mental activities will hence be suppressed. The person will reach a state beyond mind itself - transcendental awareness!
"The spiritual ascent is from the least evolved state of consciousness to near perfect state, after which the mind itself will cease to be, and there will remain only non-dual experience."
Meditating together, just as praying in a group of hundreds seems more powerful, so does meditating together.
"It's the power of silence, like in worshipful places.
Meditation can cure terrible ulcerative colitis, depression and anxiety. "It is much more than just sitting,. "Thoughts may come up, but you're not focusing or concentrating. but goal really would be not to think rather than to think.
The ancient Hindu sage Patanjali who had mastered the secrets of the human mind has written a book "Yogasutra".In this book we can see how super powers can be achieved by meditation. It has both cosmic relevance and cosmic resonance. In spite of its universal appeal, for most people total control of mind remains an elusive goal and daunting task. From time immemorial, there have been many attempts throughout the world to unlock the mysteries of the mind and to achieve total control over it through a variety of techniques. One of the most powerful of these techniques is meditation. Many spiritual leaders, sages, saints, and holy people such asSri. Buddha, Sri Ramakrishna, Madam Sarada Devi, and Swami Vivekananda have practised this.
It is said that in the unknown period of Jesus Christ , He was under meditation.
PRANAYAMA has been scientifically proved and on which
inumerable studies have been done both in India and abroad, the conclusion
has always been consistent and uninamous, namely, Pranayama is undoubtedly
beneficial.
Alongwith all the other material bounties, the eternal Vedas have bestowed
on humans this wonderful gift. Many are not aware of this unfortunately
and are therefore unable to fully exploit.
Especially, those of us who wear the sacred thread wherein we are enjoined
to do the Sandhya daily until death. Not once, but several times during
the Sandhya the pranayama keeps on intervening. It has been very very
scientifically structured by none other than the eternal Vedas, the great
rishis, seers and other elevated beings. The Pranayama in the Sandhya is
to ensure purificaiton of the mind, nervous currents, internal impulses,
nerve signals and circulation etc. such that by the time the Greatest
Mantra Gayathri is about to begin the entire being is totally purified and
stands alone to receive the divine benediction.
The rough meaning of the word Pranayama is Prana + Ayama i.e elongating the
prana, the vital life force. Prana is not to be confused with breathing,
oxygen, air etc. Prana is Prana thats all.Prana is THAT force which is all
pervading and without which nothing subsists. It is a long journey to
discover the various gamut of the entire range of Prana. As a general rule
the concept implies that by trying to regulate, control, acquire mastery
over prana one can slowly progress to a stage when higher things can be
touched if not reached. Understanding dawns, intuition sharpens and there
is a definite inner change for the better. Normally, we breath
unconsciously from the level of the chest,thorax. We hardly use the
stomach, lower abdomen. And we are hardly aware of our breathing pattern.
In fact most of the orthodox Yoga schools all agree that Pranayama is to be
seprately dealt with and cannot be clubbed as a casual subject.. Even in
the Ashtanga Yoga of Sage Patanajali, pranayama occupies the center stage
after which one is lead into Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana all of which are
progressive stages of deeper levels of concentrations.
The bottomline is : if we can just ensure that we somehow do the daily
Sandhya three times, if feasible, with dedication after learning from a
reliable Guru/teacher, then thrice a day we are without our being aware
involved with Pranayama, the purifying effect on our well being, and all
round progress can be witnessed directly in the long run.
There are some who may scoff - and this writer has received mails from
certain quarters on this count - at this or prefer to do the pranayama
practices under Yogic systems taught undoubtedly by respected, learned Yoga
teachers, but lets not mix oil with water. If you have a sacred thread,
apart from any other practices which you may be involved in, Sandhya is a
must. Other practices, even though they may include Pranayama devoid of
neglect of basic duties (dictated by Dharma) may not be helpful in the
long run.
inumerable studies have been done both in India and abroad, the conclusion
has always been consistent and uninamous, namely, Pranayama is undoubtedly
beneficial.
Alongwith all the other material bounties, the eternal Vedas have bestowed
on humans this wonderful gift. Many are not aware of this unfortunately
and are therefore unable to fully exploit.
Especially, those of us who wear the sacred thread wherein we are enjoined
to do the Sandhya daily until death. Not once, but several times during
the Sandhya the pranayama keeps on intervening. It has been very very
scientifically structured by none other than the eternal Vedas, the great
rishis, seers and other elevated beings. The Pranayama in the Sandhya is
to ensure purificaiton of the mind, nervous currents, internal impulses,
nerve signals and circulation etc. such that by the time the Greatest
Mantra Gayathri is about to begin the entire being is totally purified and
stands alone to receive the divine benediction.
The rough meaning of the word Pranayama is Prana + Ayama i.e elongating the
prana, the vital life force. Prana is not to be confused with breathing,
oxygen, air etc. Prana is Prana thats all.Prana is THAT force which is all
pervading and without which nothing subsists. It is a long journey to
discover the various gamut of the entire range of Prana. As a general rule
the concept implies that by trying to regulate, control, acquire mastery
over prana one can slowly progress to a stage when higher things can be
touched if not reached. Understanding dawns, intuition sharpens and there
is a definite inner change for the better. Normally, we breath
unconsciously from the level of the chest,thorax. We hardly use the
stomach, lower abdomen. And we are hardly aware of our breathing pattern.
In fact most of the orthodox Yoga schools all agree that Pranayama is to be
seprately dealt with and cannot be clubbed as a casual subject.. Even in
the Ashtanga Yoga of Sage Patanajali, pranayama occupies the center stage
after which one is lead into Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana all of which are
progressive stages of deeper levels of concentrations.
The bottomline is : if we can just ensure that we somehow do the daily
Sandhya three times, if feasible, with dedication after learning from a
reliable Guru/teacher, then thrice a day we are without our being aware
involved with Pranayama, the purifying effect on our well being, and all
round progress can be witnessed directly in the long run.
There are some who may scoff - and this writer has received mails from
certain quarters on this count - at this or prefer to do the pranayama
practices under Yogic systems taught undoubtedly by respected, learned Yoga
teachers, but lets not mix oil with water. If you have a sacred thread,
apart from any other practices which you may be involved in, Sandhya is a
must. Other practices, even though they may include Pranayama devoid of
neglect of basic duties (dictated by Dharma) may not be helpful in the
long run.
Indian Music
Music is the soul of the cosmos. It is found everywhere from the rustling of the trees, to the playful streams to the pitter-patter of the raindrops. Indian music in particular is one of the oldest and finest forms of human expression. The Vedas, representing the most ancient literature known to the world, are set to a distinctive melody that is absolutely soothing. Folk and classical music developed side by side. The varied human passions like, agony, ecstasy, sorrow, hope, desire etc found expression in the subtle notes of music.
In India, music has been categorized by the scriptures into two major streams known as the margi and the desi, roughly translated as classical and folk. The basic tenets of classical music have been laid down by numerous ancient texts.
Hindustani and Carnatic are the two major systems of classical music. Though they have similar origins and source, according to ancient scripts, they seem distinct. There are references about the Dhruvaprabhada (later transformed into the Dhrupad) in the ancient texts such as Natya Shastra of Bharata and Sangeetha Magaradham, Raga Sarangini etc. Dhrupad developed as a part of worship in temples and various rituals such as yajnas. Dhrupad has four distinct gharanas or schools namely, Gudiya Govarhar, Khandar, Dagar and Nauhar.
A new form of Hindustani classical emerged during the 13th and 14th centuries. This was known as Khayal, meaning imagination. The style gave an entirely new meaning to Hindustani classical music. Amir Khusrau is considered to be the proponent of this style.
Raga (melody) is India's contribution to the world of music. It is fundamental to Indian classical music, both Hindustani and Carnatic. A highly scientific and practical scheme of raga classification introduced by Venkatamahi became the foundation for Indian classical music. Ragas are made of different combinations of sapta swara or seven notes. These are Sa Sadjam, Ri Rishabam, Ga Gaandhaaram, Ma Madhyamam, Pa Pancham, Dha Dhaivadam, Ni Nishadam.
In western classical Piano one octave consists of 12 notes, whereas in Indian classical music the same consists of 22 notes or shrutis. Swara is generally defined as a note whereas a shruti is the microtonal intervals between two swaras.
Indian Instrumental Music
The immense diversity of Indian traditions has given birth to an extraordinary variety of musical instruments. Some can be played as solo instruments and others are used as accompaniments to vocalists or dancers. There are instruments that are used for devotional and ritualistic purposes too, like the conch. The antiquity of musical instruments is evident from the prehistoric cave paintings and sculptures of ancient temples. Indian musical instruments can be broadly classified into four types: tantu or stringed, susir or wind, avanada or percussion and ghana comprising of bells, cymbals and gongs. There are variations according to complexities in these too.
The stringed instruments vary according to their complications. The simplest of these being, the single stringed ektara. The veena, sitar, sarangi and sarod too are popular stringed instruments. These instruments commonly have round resonators at one end and are made out of dried hollow gourd. The veena is said to have been used by Bharata in his musical studies. The sitar is said to have been invented by Amir Khusrau. The sarod is smaller of the lot and has 10 main strings and 15 sympathetic strings. The sarangi in the other hand is played with a bow. The other stringed instruments include the dilruba, esraj, tanpura, ektara and the mayuri.
Among the wind instruments the most popular is the Shahnai, a double-reeded flute. The bansuri has many variation producing different pitches and sounds. Other wind instruments include the bansuri, nadaswaram, ninkirns and pongi.
There are many types of drums in India. The double-faced ones can be hit on both sides, like the dholak or the pakhawaj. Similarly, the mridangam of the south, used to accompany Carnatic music, is placed on the lap of a person and struck with the hands on both sides. The tabla on the other hand is a set of two single faced drums is played using both hands. It is the traditional accompaniment for Hindustani music. Religious festivals in Kerala are incomplete without the large drums called chenda, which are beaten with sticks. The ghatam is perhaps the most interesting as it a big round clay pot. It is placed on the musician's lap and who taps it with his fingers and knuckles to produce the most exciting sounds.
The last category, ghana, has a wide variety of instruments that are percussion-based like bells, clappers, cymbals, and gongs. They usually fulfill rhythmic functions that produce a variety of notes like the other instruments. The jal-tarang is a set of china bowls of varying sizes filled with different quantities of water, which produce different notes when tapped with a stick.
Lord krishna saves his devotee in all births.
You will have to control your tendency to look outwards towards the body and its deeds and towards the mind with its thoughts and feelings. Instead, develop the inward vision of the sacred self. This is the true vision, the integral vision. There is a fine example of this in the ancient spiritual classic called the Bhagavatam. It is the story of Gajendra, an elephant who was caught by a crocodile. This elephant, Gajendra, had a strong ego and he was convinced that with his great strength he would be able to fight and free himself from the crocodile. But here two facts must be known; elephants are very powerful on land, crocodiles are very powerful in the water. When an elephant enters the water he will not have so much strength, and when a crocodile comes out on land he will also be less mighty than in his natural habitat, the water. In this case, because the crocodile was in the water he was able to exercise all his great strength. But the elephant, Gajendra, was very arrogant; he was blown up with ego and felt that no crocodile could ever be equal to an elephant, who was the lord of the forest. He did not know that a crocodile in the water would be more than a match for any elephant away from land.
For a long time they fought relentlessly. Finally the elephant got tired and lost all his physical as well as mental strength. He had placed all his confidence in his physical and mental prowess, but having exhausted all that, he began praying to the Lord. As long as his vision had been directed to his body he did not look towards God. As long as he had confidence in his own bodily and mental strength, the thought of God did not arise and the Lord's grace did not descend. When the elephant lost his physical and mental power and turned towards God, immediately Lord Vishnu hurled his sacred discus, and freed Gajendra from the catastrophe that had overtaken him. Now, the discus spoken of here does not refer to a mere weapon used by the Lord; but it refers to his grace. You evoke God's grace by turning your vision towards God. Then God turns his vision towards you.
You will have to control your tendency to look outwards towards the body and its deeds and towards the mind with its thoughts and feelings. Instead, develop the inward vision of the sacred self. This is the true vision, the integral vision. There is a fine example of this in the ancient spiritual classic called the Bhagavatam. It is the story of Gajendra, an elephant who was caught by a crocodile. This elephant, Gajendra, had a strong ego and he was convinced that with his great strength he would be able to fight and free himself from the crocodile. But here two facts must be known; elephants are very powerful on land, crocodiles are very powerful in the water. When an elephant enters the water he will not have so much strength, and when a crocodile comes out on land he will also be less mighty than in his natural habitat, the water. In this case, because the crocodile was in the water he was able to exercise all his great strength. But the elephant, Gajendra, was very arrogant; he was blown up with ego and felt that no crocodile could ever be equal to an elephant, who was the lord of the forest. He did not know that a crocodile in the water would be more than a match for any elephant away from land.
For a long time they fought relentlessly. Finally the elephant got tired and lost all his physical as well as mental strength. He had placed all his confidence in his physical and mental prowess, but having exhausted all that, he began praying to the Lord. As long as his vision had been directed to his body he did not look towards God. As long as he had confidence in his own bodily and mental strength, the thought of God did not arise and the Lord's grace did not descend. When the elephant lost his physical and mental power and turned towards God, immediately Lord Vishnu hurled his sacred discus, and freed Gajendra from the catastrophe that had overtaken him. Now, the discus spoken of here does not refer to a mere weapon used by the Lord; but it refers to his grace. You evoke God's grace by turning your vision towards God. Then God turns his vision towards you.
WHY WE SHOULD STUDY GITA HOLY BOOK OF HINDUISM
Bhagavad Gita shloka IX/2: Bhagavad Gita chapter IX shloka 2 explains the importance of knowing Bhagvad Gita ... Lord Krishna emphasizes on the fact that Bhagavad Gita is the foremost and the ultimate of all sacred Scriptures available on Mother Earth ... it has rightly been termed as the king of all wisdom. No other spiritual knowledge can even compare with Bhagavad Gita. This statement is borne out of the fact that Lord Krishna came about thousand years earlier to Mahavira ... Buddha followed approximately 77 years thereafter. About 423 years hence came Jesus Christ and finally about two centuries later followed Prophet Mohammed. The chain of events is a proven fact ... there is no point doubting the sequence of evolution. Not necessarily what came first has to be on the top but in this case Bhagavad Gita ... the essence of all spiritual knowledge contained in the Cosmos flowed from the mouth of Lord Krishna as if the Creator himself had manifested... in fact, it had! The prime reason why Lord Krishna is considered as an avatar (God, the Almighty Creator manifest as a human being) … Bhagwan Mahavira, Gautam Buddha, Jesus Christ and Prophet Mohammed are all man gods who were born normal human beings ... yet rose to those heights where even Angels fear to tread.
If you are a believer of Christianity and consider Bible to be the foremost ... Bhagvad Gita does not contradict this fact. Yet, whatever is contained in Bible also exists in Bhagavad Gita but vice versa is not true ... Bhagvad Gita in fact contains much more that is worth knowing by a true spiritual aspirant. Reading and knowing Bible you can become worldly wise but, to gain Emancipation for ever from the cycle of birth and death ... to gain salvation in this very life ... you shall need to delve deep into the Cosmic wisdom contained in Bhagvad Gita. There is no other escape route.
Followers of Islam consider Koran to be the foremost of all Religions ... but can anyone deny this fact that the knower of Koran and Koran alone cannot attain salvation. Even if you believe that a knower of Koran can become Prophet Mohammed ... how many Prophet Mohammeds have we seen in the past many centuries? Yet, there have been many of the likes of Adi Shankaracharya Jnaneshwar, Rama Krishna Paramhansa and Mahirshi Ramanna who were able to assimilate the teachings of Bhagvad Gita, realized God in their lifetime and thereafter showed a definite path to the humanity that anyone can realize God and attain salvation within this life. One only needs to understand the ultimate in its true reality.
Mahavira, the exponent of Jainism always emphasized on the fact that every human being has the potential and the right to become a Mahavira ... a true Jina (one who has conquered his true inner self) ... he never said that he was something about the ordinary ... Jainism does not believe in existence of God ... it merely believes in the fact that every human being has the right to become a Mahavira.
Knower of Bhagavad Gita knows it all ... yet, whatever is contained in Bhagavad Gita is not easily explainable as our senses are not competent to comprehend the absolute truth. Our senses are limited by the mind power and the mind power itself has limitations and as the Cosmic mind itself is controlled by Almighty Creator ... it is beyond the power of the mind to grasp or comprehend the essence contained in Bhagavad Gita. For knowing Bhagvad Gita one had to rise to a certain mental stage and only then could one grasp the power of Bhagavad Gita. For having a complete view of New York one needs to go to the top of Empire state building ... one standing at a lower-level can only expect to have a lesser view.
The complex wisdom of Bhagvad Gita was not meant for the ordinary. Why? Because, it was always possible for a layman to misuse unknowingly the powers of Bhagvad Gita. While proceeding on the path of Bhagvad Gita one tends to accumulate many spiritual powers that may corrupt our thinking and we may misuse them for our one benefit. This is a strictly prohibited. Hence it should be ensured by a spiritual master that one seeking the path of Bhagvad Gita is fully competent to comprehend its full meaning. Only then the cosmic wisdom should be imparted.
Elevating self to the highest degree in mental development is the basic criteria without which nothing much can be attained ... if you must learn the Cosmic wisdom of Bhagvad Gita ... make sure that by proper yoga and meditation you are able to lift yourself high up on the pedestal of mental thinking ... which in other words means purifying your thinking process to an absolute perfect. The moment you start invoking absolute pure thoughts ... the wisdom of Bhagvad Gita would automatically start becoming clearer to you.
Does it mean that knower of Bhagvad Gita gets away from the worldly life ... yes, it is true that a true knower of Bhagvad Gita gets away from worldly life but an absolute knower is born once in a hundred years or even more. Others on the path of knowing Bhagvad Gita can alleviate their mental status to a level that you make your mark in your chosen field. Albert Einstein, Edison, Henry Ford, Madame Curie were able to accomplish whatever they wanted in life because of their deep faith in God and his existence. They may never have read Bhagvad Gita but they all practiced Bhagavad Gita unknowingly and inherently. Whatever was taught and preached by Napoleon Hill in his famous books is nothing more than what is contained in few lines of Bhagvad Gita. Whatever be your goal of life Bhagvad Gita can not only help you accomplish your cherished goal ... it will always help you remain on the top.
Here, one thing must be borne in mind ... the cosmic journey undertaken by the Atman (the soul within) is required to be completed in an earthly lifespan of 98.4 million years. Every Atman (the soul within) can manifest a maximum of 8.4 million lives. So, where is the hurry ... wanting to complete a journey of millions of years in a single lifespan of 70~80 years is a difficult task indeed ... yet, not unattainable. One must always in the present life try to get the maximum Bhagvad Gita can give to us so that we can comfortably achieve our goal of life. What more can a human being ask for.
Because of the difficulty and unavailability of the wisdom of Bhagvad Gita in easy terms ... the wisdom so obtained is considered the highest of all the secrets of the cosmic wisdom available on Mother Earth. Because of the nature of the wisdom Bhagvad Gita imparts, it is considered a highly sanctified sacred document.
The knower of Bhagavad Gita can practice the wisdom contained in it without second thoughts ... one can always expect direct results as there is nothing more to prove ... all is the direct result of what has been dictated by God, the Almighty Creator of the Cosmos. The wisdom of Bhagavad Gita does not require a second opinion ... all is as pure as the morning dew on the lotus petals.
The wisdom of Bhagvad Gita is based on the doctrine of Dharma ... nothing goes against it. While following Bhagvad Gita you are invariably following the dictates of Dharma. At no stage Bhagvad Gita is against what is preached and practiced in various dharma. Apart from the complex nature ... Bhagvad Gita is something which can be understood by the common man also provided one is willing to go the extra mile ... the path how Bhagavad Gita can be understood is very clear ... we only need to understand and follow. Following the path of Bhagvad Gita ... one can never be a loser in the end ... you only gain ... it can never be the cause of your death but it can always make you immortal ... make you reach the end of your cosmic life.
There is no cause for any fear either ... knower of Bhagavad Gita always and ever is permanently rid of all fears including death. (Immortality is something which can never be gained in the physical form ... one becomes immortal only after one reaches the end of the cosmic life ... that is when the travel of Atman (the soul within) ceases to exist. Attempts by various spiritual gurus trying to gain Immortality on Mother Earth is but a futile attempt ... such a thing does not exist ... why not understand the Cosmic wisdom of Bhagvad Gita and become immortal for ever! Immortality in clearer terms means that the cycle of birth and death ceases to exist. No more Cosmic travel for the Atman (the soul within) ... the Atman gains its pristine pure form and shall remain forever as such (Until the pralaya ... end of the Cosmos occurs and a new Cosmos starts with a big bang).
Bhagvad Gita is the ultimate in cosmic knowledge what one can gain on this earthly abode. This is the last frontier of humanity and learning ... there is nothing more to look forward to. Decide the goal of your life and take a deep plunge into the ocean of the Cosmic wisdom known as Bhagvad Gita ... you shall always rise as the winner ... in the domain of Bhagvad Gita there are no failures ... you always gain sometimes less sometimes more.
WHY WE GO TO TEMPLE
In the temple, the Sanctum sanctorum is completely enclosed on three
sides.The effect of all energies is very high in here. The lamp that is lit
radiates the heat and light energy.
The ringing of the bells and the chanting of prayers gives the sound energy.
The fragrance from the flowers,the burning of camphor and incense sticks
give out the chemical energy.
The effect of all these energies is activated by the positive energy
that comes out of the idol. The water that is used for the pooja is called
"holy water or Theertham" because it receives the positiveness of all
these energies.
When people go to the temple for the Deepaaraadhana,
and the doors open up, the positive energy gushes out onto
the people who are there.
The water that is sprinkled onto the people passes on the energy
to all. That is the reason why, men are not allowed to wear shirts to the
temple and ladies have to wear more ornaments because it is through
these jewels (metal) that positive energy is absorbed in ladies.
It is proved that Theertham is a very good blood purifier,as it is
highly energised.Hence it is given as prasadam to the devotees.
2. Worship of Tulasi and Peepal Tree [aalmaram}
Tulasi should be worshipped by prostrating before it.
As it is not tall the oxygen passed out from the plant, along with its
positive energy, can be obtained only at the lower level.
Whereas the Peepal tree should be worshipped by going around it,
to get the full effect of the oxygen and the positive energy.
The oxygen layer is very close to the leaves of the tree and as
these leaves shake at the slightest breeze,it passes the
energy more effectively.
While going round the tree, our negative energy passes out of us
through our right side and is absorbed by the tree and
transformed into positive energy.
This is passed on to us when we go round the tree
In the temple, the Sanctum sanctorum is completely enclosed on three
sides.The effect of all energies is very high in here. The lamp that is lit
radiates the heat and light energy.
The ringing of the bells and the chanting of prayers gives the sound energy.
The fragrance from the flowers,the burning of camphor and incense sticks
give out the chemical energy.
The effect of all these energies is activated by the positive energy
that comes out of the idol. The water that is used for the pooja is called
"holy water or Theertham" because it receives the positiveness of all
these energies.
When people go to the temple for the Deepaaraadhana,
and the doors open up, the positive energy gushes out onto
the people who are there.
The water that is sprinkled onto the people passes on the energy
to all. That is the reason why, men are not allowed to wear shirts to the
temple and ladies have to wear more ornaments because it is through
these jewels (metal) that positive energy is absorbed in ladies.
It is proved that Theertham is a very good blood purifier,as it is
highly energised.Hence it is given as prasadam to the devotees.
2. Worship of Tulasi and Peepal Tree [aalmaram}
Tulasi should be worshipped by prostrating before it.
As it is not tall the oxygen passed out from the plant, along with its
positive energy, can be obtained only at the lower level.
Whereas the Peepal tree should be worshipped by going around it,
to get the full effect of the oxygen and the positive energy.
The oxygen layer is very close to the leaves of the tree and as
these leaves shake at the slightest breeze,it passes the
energy more effectively.
While going round the tree, our negative energy passes out of us
through our right side and is absorbed by the tree and
transformed into positive energy.
This is passed on to us when we go round the tree
DEATH IS KNOCKING AT THE DOOR
You cannot start Spiritual Life when Death is at the Door
A housewife once asked her husband, "At least now in your old age shouldn't you be thinking of God? You never took the time to do it before, during your busy period. Please, do it now!" The business man replied, "I have no time even to die, no less to think of God." But do you think that death will not come to someone who says that he has no time to die? Will death come only according to his wishes? No, time waits for no one. Therefore, while you still have time you have to make use of it in a proper way.
The enemy called death, along with his soldiers called disease, will be waiting to wage war against your body. Men die most pitifully and helplessly during such periods of time when they are attacked by disease and death. But no army can attack those who have won the grace of the Lord. Therefore, during youth itself you have to earn the grace of God and equip yourself to meet all the challenges of your enemies when they come to lay siege on you. Above all, you must be firmly convinced in your own heart that this journey of life is going to be a long one. Any other journey, whether it be by bus, train or plane lasts for only a short time; you need not make too many preparations for these. But for this journey of life you must equip yourself for all the contingencies of a long journey; otherwise you will be suffering greatly later on when you are faced with real problems and real troubles.
In the compartment of freight trains used to transport chemically-active substances, a stamp is placed at the time of manufacture giving a particular date in the future. It is the day when that container has used up its normal service life and must be returned to the depot for recycling. It is the same for the container that is your body. Here also a return date has been written on it by God himself.
You do not remember that you have to go back. People totally forget this all-important truth. If you really want to enjoy all the pleasures of life at a later stage, then during youth you have to earn the grace of God. In the course of human life the early periods of childhood and youth are very important. Not realizing the great value of this period of your life, you waste your time during youth. You use a golden cup, adorned with precious gems and jewels, for a low, mean, contemptible purpose. To feed the fire of your senses you are using costly sandalwood as fuel. The vessel is very precious, the fuel is also precious, but the food you are choosing to cook with their help, is insipid and worthless. Such a precious body and such sacred fuel is being squandered away for the sake of enjoying useless trivial things in life. Things without value are put in this precious vessel and used for sordid enjoyment. You are using a golden plough to plough the field of your heart, but you produce nothing but useless weeds.
You cannot start Spiritual Life when Death is at the Door
A housewife once asked her husband, "At least now in your old age shouldn't you be thinking of God? You never took the time to do it before, during your busy period. Please, do it now!" The business man replied, "I have no time even to die, no less to think of God." But do you think that death will not come to someone who says that he has no time to die? Will death come only according to his wishes? No, time waits for no one. Therefore, while you still have time you have to make use of it in a proper way.
The enemy called death, along with his soldiers called disease, will be waiting to wage war against your body. Men die most pitifully and helplessly during such periods of time when they are attacked by disease and death. But no army can attack those who have won the grace of the Lord. Therefore, during youth itself you have to earn the grace of God and equip yourself to meet all the challenges of your enemies when they come to lay siege on you. Above all, you must be firmly convinced in your own heart that this journey of life is going to be a long one. Any other journey, whether it be by bus, train or plane lasts for only a short time; you need not make too many preparations for these. But for this journey of life you must equip yourself for all the contingencies of a long journey; otherwise you will be suffering greatly later on when you are faced with real problems and real troubles.
In the compartment of freight trains used to transport chemically-active substances, a stamp is placed at the time of manufacture giving a particular date in the future. It is the day when that container has used up its normal service life and must be returned to the depot for recycling. It is the same for the container that is your body. Here also a return date has been written on it by God himself.
You do not remember that you have to go back. People totally forget this all-important truth. If you really want to enjoy all the pleasures of life at a later stage, then during youth you have to earn the grace of God. In the course of human life the early periods of childhood and youth are very important. Not realizing the great value of this period of your life, you waste your time during youth. You use a golden cup, adorned with precious gems and jewels, for a low, mean, contemptible purpose. To feed the fire of your senses you are using costly sandalwood as fuel. The vessel is very precious, the fuel is also precious, but the food you are choosing to cook with their help, is insipid and worthless. Such a precious body and such sacred fuel is being squandered away for the sake of enjoying useless trivial things in life. Things without value are put in this precious vessel and used for sordid enjoyment. You are using a golden plough to plough the field of your heart, but you produce nothing but useless weeds.
Meditation and Neurophysiology
By simple definition, meditation is engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature. To elaborate further, meditation is an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms, thoughts, and ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as a stimulus to gain access to knowledge of 'object of meditation'. The aspirant makes an attempt to minimize perceptions through senses - inputs through special senses like touch, sight, hearing, etc. - by detaching mind from sense organs in the brain. This helps in controlling restlessness of mind, in favour of inner contemplation. The mind, as if, is made still. Meditation may be, therefore, taken as a 'passive' activity! But is it really so?
Tremendous changes observed in the human brain and nervous system during mediation run contrary to this belief of 'passivity' attached to meditation. Unprecedented progress and research in neurobiology, investigative neurology, and study of neurotransmitters in the last two decades has given a great fillip to the study of neuro-physiology of Meditation and Yoga. Altered State of Consciousness can be brought about by hypnosis, drugs (e. g. LSD), sleep, etc., but here we are trying to study a state specific science of altered consciousness brought about by meditation alone.
We shall attempt to review the progress in neurobiology in the recent years. An attempt is made to throw light on this new and fascinating subject. The terms used are technical, but, as far as possible, an attempt is made to simplify the description.
This attempt to explain the neurophysiology of meditation is purely hypothetical.
Meditation and Changes in Neurophysiology:
One of the ways to control physiological reactions to psychological stimuli is meditation, Yoga, Zen Buddhism etc. The scientists take Transcendental Meditation (TM) as the uniform technique, and base their observations on the study of the subjects engaged in this form of meditation. In summing up the results the scientists have come to conclusion that the effect of meditation is a "wakeful, hypo-metabolic state".
They have found that:
1) Yogis could slow both heart rate and rate of respiration,
2) Yogis could slow the rate of metabolism as confirmed by decreased oxygen consumption and carbon-di-oxide output.
3) Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG - recording of brain activity) in Yogis showed changes of calmness in the form of "alpha rhythm" during both eyes closed and eyes open recordings.
4) Their skin resistance to electric stimulation was increased (indicating increased tolerance to external stimuli).
Our usual 'defence-alarm' reaction to emotional and physical stress is in the form of "fright, flight, and fight" mediated through over-secretion of certain neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators, namely adrenaline and dopamine by way of stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Under the influence of these chemicals and hormones, we reflexively become panicky or aggressive, our blood pressure rises. Thus stress and anxiety is the end result if we allow our natural age-old sympathetic reactions to act and to come to surface. We try to run away, become fearful, or fight the situation. But today these 'defence-alarm' reactions have no place in our lives. Rather, they should be replaced by more calm and serene reactions of equanimity and fearlessness. The need is to just 'face the brute, and it will go away'. Such desirable reactions of non-aggression and peaceful attitude are generated by Yoga and meditation.
EEG Studies on Yogis and The Zen Meditations:
Yogis practising Raja-Yoga claim that during the state of samadhi they are oblivious to the internal and external stimuli, and they enjoy a calm ecstasy during that state. A study was undertaken to record the electrical activity of their brain during this state by means of a regular and useful test known as electroencephalography EEG. Physiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the basis of conscious state of brain, among other things, is due to activation of "reticular system" in the brain-stem in response to internal and external stimuli. These stimuli bring about various changes during sleeping and wakeful states of the organism and these can be studied by EEG.
The study was carried out on four subjects during the state of concentration and meditation. Effects of external stimuli, like a loud gong, strong light, thermal simulation, and vibrations were studied. The results were compiled and analyzed. It was observed that two Yogis could keep their hands immersed in extremely cold water for about 50 minutes (raised pain threshold). During state of meditation, all of them showed persistent "alpha activity" in their EEG with increased amplitude wave pattern, both during 'eyes closed' and 'eyes open' recording. It was observed that these alpha activities could not be blocked by various sensory stimuli during meditation. It was also observed that those, who had well-marked "alpha activity" in their resting EEG showed greater aptitude and zeal for maintaining the practice of Yoga. Similar observations and results were obtained when EEGs were recorded in persons adept in Zen Meditative technique. Can we say that only those persons who exhibit such recording of "alpha wave rhythm" in their EEG are fit for Yoga? and be designated as right candidates for meditation and Yoga practices? (Such experiments are indeed very few and the number of yogis examined is also very small. Therefore, scientifically and statistically these observations have only a tentative importance. Further research is definitely called for, albeit it will have its own limitations.)
Discussion and Conclusion
Neurotransmitters and Neuro-modulators: These are chemical substances released at the Neuronal Synapses (nerve junctions). They act by altering electrical membrane potential by opening up channels that permit diffusion of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium ions in and out of the nerve cell. They not only transmit the message from one cell to another, but also selectively facilitate some information while inhibiting the other. Moreover, the action of Calcium ions permits transfer of electrical events into molecular changes that can alter functions of the nerve cells permanently, i.e. change cellular function to subserve a memory or learning response.
Neuro-modulators affect the neuro-transmitters by influencing neuronal plasticity, growth, or differentiation. Different types of receptors, as present in different regions of brain, can account for the complex and multiple effects of medication, meditation, concentration, and contemplation. This may be effected through actions of specific type of neuro-transmitter and neuro-receptor.
For example, a sub-type of glutamate receptor appears to mediate the function of brain plasticity, a process considered important in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine helps in memory, motivation, perception and cognition. It is also involved in attention and arousal functions of ascending reticular system. Decrease in the levels of this neuro-modulator leads to loss of memory, senile dementia - Alzheimer's disease.
Excess of serotonin, another important neuro-modulator, leads to hallucinations, as seen in LSD consumption, which causes increase in serotonin level. This discovery called attention to the correlation between behavior and variation in brain serotonin content. Selective depletion of serotonin, in animals, causes prolonged wakefulness. It also plays important role in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle.
Other neurotransmitters and modulators like nor-epinephrine cause changes in mood - excess leading to elation, and deficiency causing nervous depression. It also controls food intake, regulates temperature, and hormonal secretions.
Excess of dopamine level is responsible for schizophrenia and psychosis.
Nerve growth factor is a hormone like peptide that is responsible for the growth and maintenance of various brain structures.
The plausible hypothesis to explain the altered state of consciousness brought about by intense and prolonged mediation may be constructed as follows:
The evolutionary process adds higher centres to the primitive nervous system. These higher centres have inhibitory influence, in other words they suppress the functions of lower centres. Thus, the brain stem is controlled by the higher limbic system, and the limbic system in turn is controlled by still higher neo-cortex. The neuro-modulators with their influence on various neuro-transmitters effectively bring about this inhibitory modifications and inter-relations among various brain centres (hierarchy).
For instance, involuntary movements like tremors and chorea are suppressed by basal ganglia through the action of dopamine and acetylcholine synergy. Any imbalance in these neuro-modulators causes involuntary movements like chorea, tremors (Parkinson's Disease etc.). Similarly, loss of cortical control over the motor neurons of spinal cord leads to exaggerated muscle and tendon jerks due loss of inhibitory control of the higher motor cortex.
Neo-cortex keeps all the involuntary movements, hyper-reflexivity, rage, aggression, and similar animal tendencies under check so that it can effectively pursue its own highly developed activities of logic, memory, reason, language, calculations, judgement, and concepts, etc. Conscious, willful, imaginative functions are therefore, normal state of awareness of the human beings.
When meditation acts as a constant repetitive stimulus, certain qualitative and quantitative permanent changes develop in the nervous system. The neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators may stimulate growth of dormant or latent neurons to develop a centre (or centres) which on the evolutionary ladder is/are still higher than the present day cerebral cortex. The brain may develop new connections and plasticity resulting in the capacity to think, to rationalize, and react in a different way to the sensory input than what is expected by present day physiologists. For want of name, we may label such higher center as 'God Module'. This higher centre will exert inhibitory control over the present day neo-cortex, and thereby, over the mind as a whole (consciousness, reasoning, conceptual thinking, willing, feeling, and doing, etc.)! The consciousness and all mental activities will hence be suppressed. The person will reach a state beyond mind itself - transcendental awareness!
"The spiritual ascent is from the least evolved state of consciousness to near perfect state, after which the mind itself will cease to be, and there will remain only non-dual experience."
By simple definition, meditation is engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature. To elaborate further, meditation is an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms, thoughts, and ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as a stimulus to gain access to knowledge of 'object of meditation'. The aspirant makes an attempt to minimize perceptions through senses - inputs through special senses like touch, sight, hearing, etc. - by detaching mind from sense organs in the brain. This helps in controlling restlessness of mind, in favour of inner contemplation. The mind, as if, is made still. Meditation may be, therefore, taken as a 'passive' activity! But is it really so?
Tremendous changes observed in the human brain and nervous system during mediation run contrary to this belief of 'passivity' attached to meditation. Unprecedented progress and research in neurobiology, investigative neurology, and study of neurotransmitters in the last two decades has given a great fillip to the study of neuro-physiology of Meditation and Yoga. Altered State of Consciousness can be brought about by hypnosis, drugs (e. g. LSD), sleep, etc., but here we are trying to study a state specific science of altered consciousness brought about by meditation alone.
We shall attempt to review the progress in neurobiology in the recent years. An attempt is made to throw light on this new and fascinating subject. The terms used are technical, but, as far as possible, an attempt is made to simplify the description.
This attempt to explain the neurophysiology of meditation is purely hypothetical.
Meditation and Changes in Neurophysiology:
One of the ways to control physiological reactions to psychological stimuli is meditation, Yoga, Zen Buddhism etc. The scientists take Transcendental Meditation (TM) as the uniform technique, and base their observations on the study of the subjects engaged in this form of meditation. In summing up the results the scientists have come to conclusion that the effect of meditation is a "wakeful, hypo-metabolic state".
They have found that:
1) Yogis could slow both heart rate and rate of respiration,
2) Yogis could slow the rate of metabolism as confirmed by decreased oxygen consumption and carbon-di-oxide output.
3) Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG - recording of brain activity) in Yogis showed changes of calmness in the form of "alpha rhythm" during both eyes closed and eyes open recordings.
4) Their skin resistance to electric stimulation was increased (indicating increased tolerance to external stimuli).
Our usual 'defence-alarm' reaction to emotional and physical stress is in the form of "fright, flight, and fight" mediated through over-secretion of certain neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators, namely adrenaline and dopamine by way of stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Under the influence of these chemicals and hormones, we reflexively become panicky or aggressive, our blood pressure rises. Thus stress and anxiety is the end result if we allow our natural age-old sympathetic reactions to act and to come to surface. We try to run away, become fearful, or fight the situation. But today these 'defence-alarm' reactions have no place in our lives. Rather, they should be replaced by more calm and serene reactions of equanimity and fearlessness. The need is to just 'face the brute, and it will go away'. Such desirable reactions of non-aggression and peaceful attitude are generated by Yoga and meditation.
EEG Studies on Yogis and The Zen Meditations:
Yogis practising Raja-Yoga claim that during the state of samadhi they are oblivious to the internal and external stimuli, and they enjoy a calm ecstasy during that state. A study was undertaken to record the electrical activity of their brain during this state by means of a regular and useful test known as electroencephalography EEG. Physiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the basis of conscious state of brain, among other things, is due to activation of "reticular system" in the brain-stem in response to internal and external stimuli. These stimuli bring about various changes during sleeping and wakeful states of the organism and these can be studied by EEG.
The study was carried out on four subjects during the state of concentration and meditation. Effects of external stimuli, like a loud gong, strong light, thermal simulation, and vibrations were studied. The results were compiled and analyzed. It was observed that two Yogis could keep their hands immersed in extremely cold water for about 50 minutes (raised pain threshold). During state of meditation, all of them showed persistent "alpha activity" in their EEG with increased amplitude wave pattern, both during 'eyes closed' and 'eyes open' recording. It was observed that these alpha activities could not be blocked by various sensory stimuli during meditation. It was also observed that those, who had well-marked "alpha activity" in their resting EEG showed greater aptitude and zeal for maintaining the practice of Yoga. Similar observations and results were obtained when EEGs were recorded in persons adept in Zen Meditative technique. Can we say that only those persons who exhibit such recording of "alpha wave rhythm" in their EEG are fit for Yoga? and be designated as right candidates for meditation and Yoga practices? (Such experiments are indeed very few and the number of yogis examined is also very small. Therefore, scientifically and statistically these observations have only a tentative importance. Further research is definitely called for, albeit it will have its own limitations.)
Discussion and Conclusion
Neurotransmitters and Neuro-modulators: These are chemical substances released at the Neuronal Synapses (nerve junctions). They act by altering electrical membrane potential by opening up channels that permit diffusion of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium ions in and out of the nerve cell. They not only transmit the message from one cell to another, but also selectively facilitate some information while inhibiting the other. Moreover, the action of Calcium ions permits transfer of electrical events into molecular changes that can alter functions of the nerve cells permanently, i.e. change cellular function to subserve a memory or learning response.
Neuro-modulators affect the neuro-transmitters by influencing neuronal plasticity, growth, or differentiation. Different types of receptors, as present in different regions of brain, can account for the complex and multiple effects of medication, meditation, concentration, and contemplation. This may be effected through actions of specific type of neuro-transmitter and neuro-receptor.
For example, a sub-type of glutamate receptor appears to mediate the function of brain plasticity, a process considered important in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine helps in memory, motivation, perception and cognition. It is also involved in attention and arousal functions of ascending reticular system. Decrease in the levels of this neuro-modulator leads to loss of memory, senile dementia - Alzheimer's disease.
Excess of serotonin, another important neuro-modulator, leads to hallucinations, as seen in LSD consumption, which causes increase in serotonin level. This discovery called attention to the correlation between behavior and variation in brain serotonin content. Selective depletion of serotonin, in animals, causes prolonged wakefulness. It also plays important role in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle.
Other neurotransmitters and modulators like nor-epinephrine cause changes in mood - excess leading to elation, and deficiency causing nervous depression. It also controls food intake, regulates temperature, and hormonal secretions.
Excess of dopamine level is responsible for schizophrenia and psychosis.
Nerve growth factor is a hormone like peptide that is responsible for the growth and maintenance of various brain structures.
The plausible hypothesis to explain the altered state of consciousness brought about by intense and prolonged mediation may be constructed as follows:
The evolutionary process adds higher centres to the primitive nervous system. These higher centres have inhibitory influence, in other words they suppress the functions of lower centres. Thus, the brain stem is controlled by the higher limbic system, and the limbic system in turn is controlled by still higher neo-cortex. The neuro-modulators with their influence on various neuro-transmitters effectively bring about this inhibitory modifications and inter-relations among various brain centres (hierarchy).
For instance, involuntary movements like tremors and chorea are suppressed by basal ganglia through the action of dopamine and acetylcholine synergy. Any imbalance in these neuro-modulators causes involuntary movements like chorea, tremors (Parkinson's Disease etc.). Similarly, loss of cortical control over the motor neurons of spinal cord leads to exaggerated muscle and tendon jerks due loss of inhibitory control of the higher motor cortex.
Neo-cortex keeps all the involuntary movements, hyper-reflexivity, rage, aggression, and similar animal tendencies under check so that it can effectively pursue its own highly developed activities of logic, memory, reason, language, calculations, judgement, and concepts, etc. Conscious, willful, imaginative functions are therefore, normal state of awareness of the human beings.
When meditation acts as a constant repetitive stimulus, certain qualitative and quantitative permanent changes develop in the nervous system. The neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators may stimulate growth of dormant or latent neurons to develop a centre (or centres) which on the evolutionary ladder is/are still higher than the present day cerebral cortex. The brain may develop new connections and plasticity resulting in the capacity to think, to rationalize, and react in a different way to the sensory input than what is expected by present day physiologists. For want of name, we may label such higher center as 'God Module'. This higher centre will exert inhibitory control over the present day neo-cortex, and thereby, over the mind as a whole (consciousness, reasoning, conceptual thinking, willing, feeling, and doing, etc.)! The consciousness and all mental activities will hence be suppressed. The person will reach a state beyond mind itself - transcendental awareness!
"The spiritual ascent is from the least evolved state of consciousness to near perfect state, after which the mind itself will cease to be, and there will remain only non-dual experience."
